Light-emitting device and electronic apparatus including the same

ABSTRACT

A light-emitting device including a substrate; a first electrode disposed on the substrate; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the interlayer includes an emission layer; and an antioxidant, wherein the first electrode is a cathode, and the second electrode is an anode.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is based on and claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2022-0028932, filed on Mar. 7, 2022, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more embodiments relate to a light-emitting device, a method of manufacturing the same, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.

2. Description of the Related Art

Light-emitting devices, for example, organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), are self-emissive devices that, as compared with devices of the related art, have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, and short response times. OLEDs also have excellent characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed.

In an example, a light-emitting device may have a structure in which a first electrode is arranged on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially formed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. The excitons may transition from an excited state to a ground state, thus generating light.

SUMMARY

One or more embodiments include a light-emitting device including an acid generator in an electron transport region, a method of manufacturing the same, and an electronic apparatus including the same.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the detailed description that follows and, in part, will be apparent from the detailed description, or may be learned by practice of the presented exemplary embodiments herein.

According to an aspect, a light-emitting device includes

-   -   a substrate,     -   a first electrode disposed on the substrate;     -   a second electrode facing the first electrode     -   an interlayer disposed between the first electrode and the         second electrode, wherein the interlayer comprises an emission         layer; and     -   an antioxidant,     -   wherein the first electrode is a cathode, and the second         electrode is an anode.

According to another aspect, a method of manufacturing a light-emitting device includes:

-   -   forming a first electrode on a substrate;     -   forming an electron transport region on the first electrode;     -   forming an emission layer on the first electrode;     -   forming a second electrode on the emission layer,     -   wherein the first electrode is a cathode, and the second         electrode is an anode, and     -   wherein the light-emitting device further includes an         antioxidant.

According to still another aspect, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device is provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain exemplary embodiments will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments; and

FIGS. 2 and 3 are each a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in further detail to exemplary embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present exemplary embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the detailed descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments are merely described in further detail below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present detailed description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used herein, the expression “at least one of a, b, or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing one or more exemplary embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “or” means “and/or.” It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

Because the detailed description may have diverse modified embodiments, embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and are described in the detailed description. An effect and a characteristic of the subject matter, and a method of accomplishing these will be apparent when referring to embodiments described with reference to the drawings. The subject matter may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.

It will be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. used herein may be used herein to describe various components, these components should not be limited by these terms. These components are only used to distinguish one component from another. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the present embodiments.

An expression used in the singular encompasses the expression of the plural, unless it has a clearly different meaning in the context.

In the following embodiments, when various components such as layers, films, regions, plates, etc. are said to be “on” another component, this may include not only a case in which other components are “immediately on” the layers, films, regions, or plates, but also a case in which other components may be placed therebetween. Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, because sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments are not limited thereto.

It will be further understood that the terms “includes” and/or “comprises” used herein specify the presence of stated features or elements, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or elements. Unless defined otherwise, the terms “include or have” may refer to both the case of consisting of features or components described in a specification and the case of further including other components.

Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this general inventive concept belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and as used herein, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

“About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.

Hereinafter, a work function or a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level is expressed as an absolute value from a vacuum level. In addition, when the work function or the HOMO energy level is referred to be “deep,” “high” or “large,” the work function or the HOMO energy level has a large absolute value based on “0 eV” of the vacuum level, while when the work function or the HOMO energy level is referred to be “shallow,” “low,” or “small,” the work function or HOMO energy level has a small absolute value based on “0 eV” of the vacuum level.

In the present specification, “Group 1” includes, but is not limited to, Group IA elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs.

In the present specification, “Group 2” includes, but is not limited to, Group IIA elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

In the present specification, “Group 3” includes, but is not limited to, Group IIIB elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Sc, Y, La, and Ac.

In the present specification, “Group 4” includes, but is not limited to, Group IVB elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Ti, Zr, and Hf.

In the present specification, “Group 5” includes, but is not limited to, Group VB elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, V, Nb, and Ta.

In the present specification, “Group 6” includes, but is not limited to, Group VIB elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Cr, Mo, and W.

In the present specification, “Group 7” includes, but is not limited to, Group VIIB elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Mn, Tc, and Re.

In the present specification, “Groups 8 to 10” include, but are not limited to, Group VIIIB elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, and Pt.

In the present specification, “Group 11” includes, but is not limited to, Group IB elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Cu, Ag, and Au.

In the present specification, “Group 12” includes, but is not limited to, Group IIB elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Zn, Cd, and Hg.

In the present specification, “Group 13” includes, but is not limited to, Group IIIA elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Al, Ga, In, and Tl.

In the present specification, “Group 14” includes, but is not limited to, Group IVA elements of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, for example, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb.

In an aspect, provided is a light-emitting device including:

-   -   a substrate;     -   a first electrode disposed on the substrate;     -   a second electrode facing the first electrode; and     -   an interlayer disposed between the first electrode and the         second electrode,     -   wherein the interlayer comprises an emission layer; and an         antioxidant, wherein the first electrode is a cathode, and the         second electrode is an anode.

A light-emitting device according to an one or more embodiments may further include:

-   -   an electron transport region disposed between the first         electrode and the emission layer; and     -   a hole transport region disposed between the second electrode         and the emission layer.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the electron transport region may further include an inorganic         electron transport layer including a metal oxide.

The inorganic electron transport layer may include about 50 parts by weight or greater of the metal oxide based on 100 parts by weight of the inorganic electron transport layer. In one or more embodiments, the inorganic electron transport layer may essentially consist of the metal oxide, and may include impurities, for example, an organic material in an amount of less than about 1 part by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the inorganic transport layer. The inorganic electron transport layer may be understood by referring to the description of the electron transport layer described in the present specification.

For example, when the electron transport region further includes the inorganic electron transport layer and the inorganic electron transport layer includes an acid generator, an amount of the acid generator may be greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 10 parts by weight, greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 5 parts by weight, greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 3 parts by weight, greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 2 parts by weight, or greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 1 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the inorganic electron transport layer.

In one or more embodiments, when the electron transport region further includes the inorganic electron transport layer, and the inorganic electron transport layer includes the acid generator, the weight ratio of the metal oxide and the acid generator (metal oxide:acid generator) included in the inorganic electron transport layer may be about 1000:1 to 90:1, about 1000:1 to 95:1, about 1000:1 to 99:1, or about 1000:1 to 100:1.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments, the metal oxide may include a compound represented by Formula 3:

M_(x)O_(y)  Formula 3

-   -   wherein, in Formula 3,         -   M is at least one metal or metalloid from one of Groups 1 to             14 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, and         -   x and y may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5.

In one or more embodiments, M in Formula 3 may include, but is not limited to, Zn, Ti, W, Sn, In, Nb, Fe, Ce, Sr, Ba, In, Al, Nb, Si, Mg, Ga, or a combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the metal oxide may include a compound represented by Formula 4:

M1_(α)M2_(β)O_(γ)  Formula 4

-   -   wherein, in Formula 4,     -   M1 is at least one metal or metalloid from one of Groups 1 to 14         of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements,     -   M2 is at least one metal or metalloid from one of Groups 1 to 14         of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements,     -   M1 and M2 are different, and     -   0<α≤2, 0<β≤32, and 1<γ≤5 are satisfied.

In one or more embodiments, M1 in Formula 4 may include, but is not limited to, Zn, Ti, W, Sn, In, Nb, Fe, Ce, Sr, Ba, In, Al, Nb, or a combination thereof, and M2 may include Ti, Sn, Si, Mg, Al, Ga, In, or a combination thereof.

For example, the metal oxide may include ZnO, TiO₂, WO₃, SnO₂, In₂O₃, Nb₂O₅, Fe₂O₃, CeO₂, SrTiO₃, Zn₂SnO₄, BaSnO₃, In₂S₃, ZnSiO, Mg-doped ZnO (ZnMgO), Al-doped ZnO (AZO), Ga-doped ZnO (GZO), In-doped ZnO (IZO), Al-doped TiO₂, Ga-doped TiO₂, In-doped TiO₂, Al-doped WO₃, Ga-doped WO₃, In-doped WO₃, Al-doped SnO₂, Ga-doped SnO₂, In-doped SnO₂, Mg-doped In₂O₃, Al-doped In₂O₃, Ga-doped In₂O₃, Mg-doped Nb₂O₅, Al-doped Nb₂O₅, Ga-doped Nb₂O₅, Mg-doped Fe₂O₃, Al-doped Fe₂O₃, Ga-doped Fe₂O₃, In-doped Fe₂O₃, Mg-doped CeO₂, Al-doped CeO₂, Ga-doped CeO₂, In-doped CeO₂, Mg-doped SrTiO₃, Al-doped SrTiO₃, Ga-doped SrTiO₃, In-doped SrTiO₃, Mg-doped Zn₂SnO₄, Al-doped Zn₂SnO₄, Ga-doped Zn₂SnO₄, In-doped Zn₂SnO₄, Mg-doped BaSnO₃, Al-doped BaSnO₃, Ga-doped BaSnO₃, In-doped BaSnO₃, Mg-doped In₂S₃, Al-doped In₂S₃, Ga-doped In₂S₃, In-doped In₂S₃, Mg-doped ZnSiO, Al-doped ZnSiO, Ga-doped ZnSiO, In-doped ZnSiO, or the like, or a combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the metal oxide may be a zinc-containing oxide.

A light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments may satisfy

-   -   at least one of conditions i) and ii):     -   i) the emission layer contains an antioxidant; and     -   ii) the light-emitting device further includes an antioxidant         layer different from the emission layer, wherein the antioxidant         layer includes an antioxidant.

Regarding the light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments, when the light-emitting device further includes the antioxidant layer, the antioxidant layer may be:

-   -   disposed between the hole transport region and the emission         layer;     -   disposed between the emission layer and the electron transport         region;     -   disposed between the electron transport region and the first         electrode;     -   disposed on the first electrode; or     -   a combination thereof.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the antioxidant may include a phenol-containing compound, an         amine-containing compound, or a combination thereof.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the antioxidant may include a phenol-containing compound         represented by Formula 1, an amine-containing compound         represented by Formula 2, or a combination thereof.

-   -   wherein, in Formula 1,         -   R₁₁ to R₁₅ and R₂₁ to R₂₃ may each independently be             hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl             group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an             amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a             carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid             group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt             thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted             with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a             C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted             with at least one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a             C₆-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a             C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with             at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a),             —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), or             —C(═O)(Q₁),         -   R_(10a) may be:         -   deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano             group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a             hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group             or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof,             or a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof;         -   a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀             alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio             group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a             cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino             group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic             acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a             salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a             C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a             C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl             alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀             heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group,             —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),             —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or a             combination thereof;         -   a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a             C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀             heteroaryloxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, each             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium,             —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a             nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine             group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt             thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a             phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl             group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a             C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₆₀             carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀             aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl             group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀             heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group,             —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁),             —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or a             combination thereof; or         -   —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),             —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and         -   two or more groups from R₂₁ to R₂₃ may optionally be linked             together via a single bond, a C₁-C₅ alkylene group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), or a             C₂-C₅ alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a) to form a C₈-C₆₀ polycyclic group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), and         -   Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each             independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —CI; —Br; —I; —SF₅;             a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amino             group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone             group; a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof; a sulfonic             acid group or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid group or a             salt thereof; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group;             a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀             alkylthio group; a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group; a C₁-C₆₀             heterocyclic group; a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀             heteroaryl alkyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group; or a             C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group; each unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, a cyano             group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀             alkylthio group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a             combination thereof.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the phenol-containing compound may include at least one of         compounds represented by Formulae 1-1 to 1-8:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 1-1 to 1-8,     -   R₁₁ to R₁₅ are as described herein, and is not a hydroxyl group.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the phenol-containing compound may be a         2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT, Butylated         hydroxytoluene), 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (hydroxyanisole,         2-BHA), 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (hydroxyanisole, 3-BHA),         2-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol (TBHQ, tertiary-butylhydroquinone),         3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid), or a combination         thereof.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   at least one of R₂₁ to R₂₃ in Formula 2 may not be hydrogen or         deuterium.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

The amine-containing compound may include at least one compound represented by one of Formulae 2-1 to 2-4:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 2-1 to 2-4,         -   Z₂₁ to Z₂₃ may each independently be:         -   hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl             group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an             amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a             carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid             group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt             thereof,     -   a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a         hydroxyl group, a cyano group, nitro group, an amino group, an         amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a         carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group         or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclooctyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a         cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a         combination thereof;         -   a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl             group, a cyclooctyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a             cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a             naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an             anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl             group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group,             a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a             pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group,             an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a             pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group,             an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a             purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a             benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl             group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a             phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a             benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a             benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an             isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl             group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a             dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a             benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an             imidazopyridinyl group, or an imidazopyrimidinyl group, each             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium,             —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H,             —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, nitro group, an             amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a             hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof,             a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid             group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀             alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy             group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a cyclopentyl group, a             cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a             cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl             group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group,             a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl             group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl             group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl             group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl             group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an             isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a             pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group,             an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a             quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl             group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a             cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl             group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a             benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a             benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl             group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl             group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a             benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an             imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group,             —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a combination thereof; or         -   —N(Q₁)(Q₂), and         -   a24 may be an integer from 0 to 4,         -   a25 may be an integer from 0 to 5,         -   a27 may be an integer from 0 to 7, and         -   a28 may be an integer from 0 to 8.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the amine-containing compound may include an         N-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine unsubstituted or substituted with at         least one C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a diphenylamine unsubstituted or         substituted with at least one C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a         para-phenylenediamine unsubstituted or substituted with at least         one C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one C₁-C₂₀ alkyl         group, or a combination thereof.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a         hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an         electron-blocking layer, or a combination thereof, and     -   the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a         hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron         transport layer, an electron injection layer, or a combination         thereof, and     -   at least one of the hole transport region, the emission layer,         and the electron transport region may include an acid generator.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the acid generator may include an ammonium ion-containing         compound, a phosphonium ion-containing compound, an oxonium         ion-containing compound, a sulfonium ion-containing compound, a         fluoronium ion-containing compound, a chloronium ion-containing         compound, a bromonium ion-containing compound, an iodonium         ion-containing compound, a halogen-containing compound, a         carbonate-containing compound, a phosphate-containing compound,         a sulfonate-containing compound, or a combination thereof.

A light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments may further satisfy:

-   -   at least one of condition iii) or condition iv):     -   iii) the inorganic electron transport layer includes an acid         generator; or     -   iv) the light-emitting device further includes an acid         generating layer in direct contact with the inorganic electron         transport layer, wherein the acid generating layer includes an         acid generator.

A light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments satisfies conditions iii) and iv), and the acid generator included in the inorganic electron transport layer may be identical to the acid generator included in the acid generating layer.

A light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments may further satisfy:

-   -   conditions iii) and iv), and the acid generator included in the         inorganic electron transport layer may be different from the         acid generator included in the acid generating layer.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the acid generator may include a photoacid generator, a thermal         acid generator, or a combination thereof.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the photoacid generator may include a phosphonium ion-containing         compound, an oxonium ion-containing compound, a sulfonium         ion-containing compound, a fluoronium ion-containing compound, a         chloronium ion-containing compound, a bromonium ion-containing         compound, an iodonium ion-containing compound, or a combination         thereof.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the photoacid generator may include at least one of compounds         PAG1 to PAG8:

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the thermal acid generator may include an ammonium         ion-containing compound, a sulfonate-containing compound, or a         combination thereof.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the thermal acid generator may be a compound represented by         Formula 1 or Formula 2:

-   -   wherein, in Formula 1 and Formula 2,     -   a11 may be an integer from 1 to 5,     -   A− may be a counter ion,     -   R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ may each independently be hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a         hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀         alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one         R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted         with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group unsubstituted         or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio         group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a         C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at         least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or         substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀         arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one         R_(10a), a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted         with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀         heteroaryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least         one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group unsubstituted or         substituted with at least one R_(10a), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂),         or —C(═O)(Q₁), and R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ may not be hydrogen,     -   when a11 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₁₂ in the number of         a11 may optionally be linked together via a single bond, a C₁-C₅         alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one         R_(10a), or a C₂-C₅ alkenylene group unsubstituted or         substituted with at least one R_(10a) to form a C₈-C₆₀         polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one         R_(10a), and     -   two or more groups of R₂₁ to R₂₃ may optionally be linked to         each other via a single bond, a C₁-C₅ alkylene group         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), or a         C₂-C₅ alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at         least one R_(10a), to form a C₈-C₆₀ polycyclic group         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a),     -   R_(10a) may be:     -   deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a         hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof,     -   a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl         group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro         group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a         hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a         sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group         or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀         heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio         group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),         —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or a         combination thereof,     -   a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a         C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀         heteroaryloxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro         group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a         hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a         sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group         or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,         a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀         alkylthio group, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀         heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio         group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),         —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or a         combination thereof, or     -   —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   wherein Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are         each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; —SF₅;         a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amino group;         an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a         carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof; a sulfonic acid group         or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof; a         C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl         group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₆₀         carbocyclic group; a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group; a C₇-C₆₀ aryl         alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group; a C₁-C₆₀         heteroaryloxy group; or a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group; each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a         C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a         combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ in Formulae 1 and 2 may each independently be:

-   -   hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a         hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof;     -   a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkylthio group, each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a         hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an         amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a         carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group         or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a         norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,         a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),         —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁),         —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a combination thereof;     -   a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a         norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,         a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a         fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a         chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl         group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl         group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group,         an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl         group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl         group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl         group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a         triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a         triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl         group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, or an imidazopyrimidinyl group, each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a         hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an         amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a         carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group         or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a         C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylthio group, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a         norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,         a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a         fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a         chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl         group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl         group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group,         an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl         group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl         group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl         group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a         triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a         triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl         group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group,         —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a combination         thereof; or     -   —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), or —C(═O)(Q₁), wherein R₁₂, and R₂₁ to         R₂₃ may not be hydrogen.

In one or more embodiments, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ in Formulae 1 and 2 may each independently be:

-   -   hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a         hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, or     -   a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkylthio group, each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a         hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an         amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a         carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group         or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a         norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,         a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),         —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁),         —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a combination thereof, and         R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ may not be hydrogen.

In one or more embodiments, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ in Formulae 1 and 2 may each independently be:

-   -   hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a         hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, or a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl         group, a C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₁₀alkylthio group, each unsubstituted or         substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,         —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group,         a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or         a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a cyclopentyl group, a         cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a         cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl         group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, or a combination thereof, and R₁₂, and R₂₁ to         R₂₃ may not be hydrogen.

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the thermal acid generator may include at least one of compounds         TAG1 to TAG8:

In a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments,

-   -   the emission layer may include one or more quantum dot. Details         on the quantum dots may be as described herein.

In one or more embodiments, a method of manufacturing a light-emitting device includes:

-   -   forming a first electrode on a substrate;     -   forming an electron transport region on the first electrode;     -   forming an emission layer on the first electrode; and     -   forming a second electrode on the emission layer,     -   wherein the first electrode is a cathode, and the second         electrode is an anode, and     -   wherein the light-emitting device further includes an         antioxidant.

The method of manufacturing the light-emitting device, according to the example embodiment may further include:

-   -   forming a layer including an acid generator by inkjet printing         or vacuum deposition, wherein the layer comprises an acid         generator, and wherein the layer is derived from a composition         comprising the acid generator.

The method of manufacturing the light-emitting device, according to one or more embodiments may further include:

-   -   forming an acid generating layer on the first electrode;     -   forming an acid generating layer between the emission layer and         the electron transport region;     -   forming an acid generating layer between the emission layer and         the second electrode;     -   forming an acid generating layer on the second electrode; or     -   a combination thereof,     -   wherein the acid generating layer may include an acid generator.

In one or more embodiments,

-   -   an electronic apparatus including a light-emitting device         according to any one of the example embodiments, is provided.

The electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments includes

-   -   a first substrate,     -   wherein the first substrate may include a plurality of sub-pixel         regions, and     -   a pixel defining layer may be disposed between the plurality of         sub-pixel regions.

An electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments may further include:

-   -   a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer,         a polarizing layer, or a combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include a capping layer disposed outside the first electrode or outside the second electrode.

Description of Photoacid Generator

The photoacid generator may dissociate protons through photolysis or photobonding when light is irradiated. For example, the photoacid generator may irreversibly dissociate protons. The type of the photoacid generator is not limited.

According to one or more embodiments, when the photoacid generator is included in the cathode, the electron transport region, the emission layer, the hole transport region, or the anode of the light-emitting device, or a combination thereof, the amount of the photoacid generator may be greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the cathode, 100 parts by weight of the electron transport region, 100 parts by weight of the emission layer, 100 parts by weight of the hole transport region, or 100 parts by weight of the anode. For example, the light-emitting device may include the photoacid generator in an amount being greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the cathode, or the photoacid generator in an amount being greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 10 parts by weight, or a combination thereof, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, when the light-emitting device further includes the electron transport region, the electron transport region includes the electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer includes the metal oxide and the photoacid generator,

-   -   the amount of the photoacid generator may be, based on 100 parts         by weight of the electron transport layer, greater than 0 parts         by weight to equal to or less than about 10 parts by weight,         greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 5         parts by weight, greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or         less than about 3 parts by weight, greater than 0 parts by         weight to equal to or less than about 2 parts by weight, or         greater than 0 parts by weight and equal to or less than about 1         part by weight.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport layer includes the metal oxide and the photoacid generator, and a weight ratio of the metal oxide to the photoacid generator (metal oxide:photoacid generator) may be about 1000:1 to about 90:1, about 1000:1 to about 95:1, about 1000:1 to about 99:1, or about 1000:1 to about 100:1.

In one or more embodiments, the photoacid generator may include an onium ion-containing compound, a halogen-containing compound, a nitrobenzyl-containing compound, a sulfonic acid ester-containing compound, a diazomethane-containing compound, an oxime-containing compound, or a combination thereof.

For example, the onium ion-containing compound may include a phosphonium ion-containing compound, an oxonium ion-containing compound, a sulfonium ion-containing compound, a fluoronium ion-containing compound, a chloronium ion-containing compound, a bromonium ion-containing compound, an iodonium ion-containing compound, or a combination thereof.

For example, the photoacid generator may include a sulfonium ion-containing compound, an iodonium ion-containing compound, a halogen-containing compound, an oxime-containing compound, or a combination thereof, and the halogen-containing compound may be a halogen triazine-containing compound.

For example, the photoacid generator may be:

-   triphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate,     (p-tert-butoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate,     tris(p-tert-butoxyphenyl)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate,     triphenylsulfonium p-toluenesulfonate, or a combination thereof; -   2-nitrobenzyl-p-toluenesulfonate,     2,6-dinitrobenzyl-p-toluenesulfonate,     2,4-dinitrobenzyl-p-toluenesulfonate, or a combination thereof; -   1,2,3-tris(methanesulfonyloxy)benzene,     1,2,3-tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)benzene,     1,2,3-tris(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)benzene, or a combination thereof; -   bis(a benzenesulfonyl)diazomethane,     bis(p-toluenesulfonyl)diazomethane, or a combination thereof; -   bis-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-a-dimethylglyoxime,     bis-O-(n-butanesulfonyl)-a-dimethylglyoxime or a combination     thereof; -   N-hydroxysuccinimide methanesulfonic acid ester,     N-hydroxysuccinimide trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ester, or a     combination thereof; or -   2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or     2-(4-methoxynaphthyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, or a     combination thereof; or a combination thereof.

For example, the photoacid generator may include at least one of Compounds PAG1 to PAG8, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

Description of Thermal Acid Generator

A thermal acid generator may dissociate protons by thermal decomposition or thermal bonding through heat. For example, the thermal acid generator may irreversibly dissociate protons. The type of the thermal acid generator is not limited. That is, the thermal acid generator is distinguishable from the photoacid generator in that the thermal acid generator may not or may slightly dissipate photons by exposure, and by heat treatment, may dissipate photons.

According to one or more embodiments, when the thermal acid generator is included in the cathode, the electron transport region, the emission layer, the hole transport region, or the anode of the light-emitting device, or a combination thereof, the amount of the thermal acid generator may be greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the cathode, 100 parts by weight of the electron transport region, 100 parts by weight of the emission layer, 100 parts by weight of the hole transport region, or 100 parts by weight of the anode. For example, the light-emitting device may include the thermal acid generator in an amount being greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the cathode, or the thermal acid generator in an amount being greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 10 parts by weight, or a combination thereof, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, when the light-emitting device further includes the electron transport region, the electron transport region includes the electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer includes the metal oxide and the thermal acid generator,

-   -   the amount of the thermal acid generator may be, based on 100         parts by weight of the electron transport layer, greater than 0         parts by weight to equal to or less than about 10 parts by         weight, greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than         about 5 parts by weight, greater than 0 parts by weight to equal         to or less than about 3 parts by weight, greater than 0 parts by         weight to equal to or less than about 2 parts by weight, or         greater than 0 parts by weight to equal to or less than about 1         part by weight.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport layer includes the metal oxide and the thermal acid generator, and a weight ratio of the metal oxide to the thermal acid generator (metal oxide:thermal acid generator) may be about 1000:1 to about 90:1, about 1000:1 to about 95:1, about 1000:1 to about 99:1, or about 1000:1 to about 100:1.

In one or more embodiments, the thermal acid generator may include an ammonium ion-containing compound, a sulfonate-containing compound, or a combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the thermal acid generator may generate an acid having a pKa of less than about 2 (or less than about 1, or less than about 0) during thermal treatment.

In one or more embodiments, the thermal acid generator may be a compound represented by Formula 1 or 2:

-   -   wherein, in Formula 1 and Formula 2,         -   a11 may be an integer from 1 to 5,         -   A− may be a counter anion,         -   R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ may each independently be hydrogen,             deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano             group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a             hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group             or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof,             a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted             with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a             C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀             heteroaryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a),             —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), or —C(═O)(Q₁), and R₁₂, and R₂₁ to             R₂₃ may not be hydrogen,         -   when a11 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₁₂ in the number             of a11 may optionally be linked together via a single bond,             a C₁-C₅ alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a), or a C₂-C₅ alkenylene group unsubstituted             or substituted with at least one R_(10a) to form a C₈-C₆₀             polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least             one R_(10a), and         -   two or more groups of R₂₁ to R₂₃ may optionally be linked to             each other via a single bond, a C₁-C₅ alkylene group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), or a             C₂-C₅ alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a), to form a C₈-C₆₀ polycyclic group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a),         -   R_(10a) may be:         -   deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a             cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino             group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic             acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a             salt thereof, or a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof,         -   a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀             alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio             group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a             cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino             group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic             acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a             salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a             C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a             C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl             alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀             heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group,             —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),             —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or a             combination thereof,         -   a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a             C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀             heteroaryloxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, each             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium,             —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a             nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine             group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt             thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a             phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl             group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a             C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₆₀             carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀             aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl             group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀             heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group,             —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁),             —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or a             combination thereof, or         -   —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),             —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),         -   wherein Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are             each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I;             —SF₅; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an             amino group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a             hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof;             a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid             group or a salt thereof; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀             alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy             group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group; a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group;             a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group; a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group; a             C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group;             or a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group; each unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, a cyano             group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀             alkylthio group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a             combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ in Formulae 1 and 2 may each independently be:

-   -   hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a         hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof;         -   a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀             alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkylthio             group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂,             —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro             group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group,             a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt             thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a             phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a cyclopentyl             group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl             group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a             norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl             group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl             group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group,             —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),             —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a             combination thereof;         -   a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl             group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a             norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl             group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl             group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl             group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a             triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a             pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an             imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an             isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group,             a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a             pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an             indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an             isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl             group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a             carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl             group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a             benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an             isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl             group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a             dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a             benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an             imidazopyridinyl group, or an imidazopyrimidinyl group, each             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium,             —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H,             —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an             amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a             hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof,             a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid             group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀             alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy             group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylthio group, a cyclopentyl group, a             cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group,             an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl             group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a             cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a             fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl             group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a             pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a             thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a             pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group,             an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a             pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group,             an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a             purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a             benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl             group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a             phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a             benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a             benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an             isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl             group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a             dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a             benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an             imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group,             —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),             —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a             combination thereof; or         -   —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), or —C(═O)(Q₁), wherein R₁₂, and R₂₁             to R₂₃ may not be hydrogen.

In one or more embodiments, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ in Formulae 1 and 2 may each independently be:

-   -   hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a         hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, or         -   a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀             alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkylthio             group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂,             —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro             group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group,             a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt             thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a             phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a cyclopentyl             group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl             group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a             norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl             group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl             group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group,             —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),             —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a             combination thereof, and R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ may not be             hydrogen.

In one or more embodiments, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ in Formulae 1 and 2 may each independently be:

-   -   hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a         hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, or     -   a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl         group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio group, each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a         hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an         amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a         carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group         or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclooctyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a         cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, or a combination thereof,         and R₁₂, and R₂₁ to R₂₃ may not be hydrogen.

In one or more embodiments, the thermal acid generator may include at least one of Compound TAG1 to TAG8:

The light-emitting device includes an antioxidant in an emission layer or an electron transport region. Accordingly, the oxidation of the emission layer may be suppressed, and the decrease in performance and lifetime of an emitter (for example, quantum dots included in the emission layer) due to oxidation may be suppressed.

In addition, the light-emitting device may further include an acid generator in an emission layer or an electron transport region. Accordingly, the acid may be generated by exposure to ultraviolet rays (for example, short-wavelength ultraviolet rays) or heat transfer. Due to the generation of acid, defect density and trap of the electron transport region are reduced, and quenching may be prevented. As a result, the light-emitting device may have excellent luminescence efficiency and a long lifespan.

For example, when an electron transport layer in the electron transport region is an inorganic electron transport layer including metal oxide, the acid generator may reduce traps of the metal oxide.

Accordingly, the light-emitting device may be used to manufacture a high-quality electronic apparatus.

The wording “electron transport region and/or inorganic electron transport layer includes an acid generator” used herein refers to a case where (an electron transport region and/or inorganic electron transport layer) includes one type of acid generator belonging to the category of the acid generator or two different types of acid generators belonging to the category of the acid generator.

For example, the electron transport region and/or the inorganic electron transport layer may include only Compound AG1 as the acid generator. In this case, compound AG1 may be present in the electron transport layer of the light-emitting device. In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include compound AG1 and compound AG2 as the acid generator. In this regard, compound AG1 and compound AG2 exist in the same layer (for example, compound AG1 and compound AG2 may each exist in an electron transport layer) or exist in different layers (for example, compound AG1 is present in an electron transport layer and compound AG2 may be present in an electron injection layer).

The term “interlayer” as used herein refers to a single layer and/or all of a plurality of layers disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

Another aspect provides an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or a combination thereof. For more details on the electronic apparatus, related descriptions provided herein may be referred to.

Description of FIG. 1

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments. The light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130 including an emission layer 136 and an electron transport region 135, and a second electrode 150.

Hereinafter, the structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described with reference to FIG. 1 .

First Electrode 110

In FIG. 1 , a substrate may be additionally disposed under the first electrode 110 or on the second electrode 150. As the substrate, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate, and may include plastics with excellent heat resistance and durability, such as a polyimide, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polycarbonate, a polyethylene naphthalate, a polyarylate (PAR), a polyetherimide, or a combination thereof.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. The first electrode 110 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as a material for forming the first electrode 110, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or a combination thereof, each having a low work function, may be used.

The first electrode 110 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), ITO, IZO, or a combination thereof. The first electrode 110 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

Interlayer 130

The interlayer 130 may be disposed on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include the emission layer 136 and the electron transport region 135.

The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region disposed between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer 136.

The interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to various organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, or the like.

In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include, i) two or more emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer disposed between the two or more emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes emitting units and a charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Hole Transport Region in Interlayer 130

The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.

The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron-blocking layer, or a combination thereof.

For example, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure, the layers of each structure being stacked sequentially from the first electrode 110.

The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or a combination thereof:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 201 and 202,         -   L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a),         -   L₂₀₅ may be *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylene             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), a C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a),         -   xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,         -   xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10,         -   R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀             carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least             one R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a),         -   R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may optionally be linked to each other via a             single bond, a C₁-C₅ alkylene group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), or a C₂-C₅ alkenylene             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), to form a C₈-C₆₀ polycyclic group (for example, a             carbazole group or the like) unsubstituted or substituted             with at least one R_(10a) (for example, Compound HT16),         -   R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be linked to each other via a             single bond, a C₁-C₅ alkylene group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), or a C₂-C₅ alkenylene             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), to form a C₈-C₆₀ polycyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), and         -   na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.

For example, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:

wherein, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, R_(10b) and R_(10c) may each be the same as described with respect to R_(10a), ring CY₂₀₁ to ring CY₂₀₄ may each independently be a C₃-C₂₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R_(10a) as described above.

In one or more embodiments, ring CY₂₀₁ to ring CY₂₀₄ in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R₂₀₁ may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R₂₀₂ may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY204 to CY207.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY217.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT46, 4,4′,4″-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris{N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino}-triphenylamine (2-TNATA), N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (NPB) (NPD), β-NPB, N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD), spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, 4,4′-cyclohexylidene bis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC), 4,4′-bis[N,N′-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD), 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or a combination thereof:

A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 angstroms (Å) to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or a combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron-blocking layer may block the leakage of electrons from an emission layer to a hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron-blocking layer.

p-Dopant

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer consisting of a charge-generation material).

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

For example, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about −3.5 electron Volts (eV) or less.

In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the quinone derivative include 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), or the like, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the cyano group-containing compound include 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), or a compound represented by Formula 221 below.

-   -   wherein, in Formula 221,         -   R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), and         -   at least one of R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be a             C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,             each substituted with at least one of a cyano group; —F;             —Cl; —Br; —I; —SF₅; a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with at             least one of a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, or a             combination thereof; or a combination thereof.

In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be metal, metalloid, or a combination thereof, and element EL2 may be non-metal, metalloid, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the metal are an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), or the like, or a combination thereof); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), or the like, or a combination thereof); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), or the like, or a combination thereof); post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), or the like, or a combination thereof); a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), or the like, or a combination thereof), or a combination thereof.

Examples of the metalloid include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), or the like, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the non-metal include oxygen (O), a halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, or the like, or a combination thereof), or the like, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the compound including element EL1 and element EL2 are a metal oxide, a metal halide (for example, a metal fluoride, a metal chloride, a metal bromide, or a metal iodide), a metalloid halide (for example, a metalloid fluoride, a metalloid chloride, a metalloid bromide, or a metalloid iodide), a metal telluride, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the metal oxide are tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W₂O₃, WO₂, WO₃, W₂O₅, or the like, or a combination thereof), vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V₂O₃, VO₂, V₂O₅, etc.), molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo₂O₃, MoO₂, MoO₃, Mo₂O₅, or the like, or a combination thereof), and rhenium oxide (for example, ReO₃, or the like, or a combination thereof).

Examples of the metal halide are alkali metal halide, alkaline earth metal halide, transition metal halide, post-transition metal halide, lanthanide metal halide, or the like, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the alkali metal halide are LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, CsI, or the like, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the alkaline earth metal halide are BeF₂, MgF₂, CaF₂, SrF₂, BaF₂, BeCl₂, MgCl₂, CaCl₂), SrCl₂, BaCl₂, BeBr₂, MgBr₂, CaBr₂, SrBr₂, BaBr₂, BeI₂, MgI₂, CaI₂, SrI₂, BaI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the transition metal halide are titanium halide (for example, TiF₄, TiCl₄, TiBr₄, TiI₄, or the like, or a combination thereof), zirconium halide (for example, ZrF₄, ZrCl₄, ZrBr₄, ZrI₄, or the like, or a combination thereof), hafnium halide (for example, HfF₄, HfCl₄, HfBr₄, HfI₄, or the like, or a combination thereof), vanadium halide (for example, VF₃, VCl₃, VBr₃, VI₃, or the like, or a combination thereof), niobium halide (for example, NbF₃, NbCl₃, NbBr₃, NbI₃, or the like, or a combination thereof), tantalum halide (for example, TaF₃, TaCl₃, TaBr₃, TaI₃, or the like, or a combination thereof), chromium halide (for example, CrF₃, CrCl₃, CrBr₃, CrI₃, or the like, or a combination thereof), molybdenum halide (for example, MoF₃, MoCl₃, MoBr₃, MoI₃, or the like, or a combination thereof), tungsten halide (for example, WF₃, WCl₃, WBr₃, WI₃, or the like, or a combination thereof), manganese halide (for example, MnF₂, MnCl₂, MnBr₂, MnI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), technetium halide (for example, TcF₂, TcCl₂, TcBr₂, TcI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), rhenium halide (for example, ReF₂, ReCl₂, ReBr₂, ReI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), iron halide (for example, FeF₂, FeCl₂, FeBr₂, FeI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), ruthenium halide (for example, RuF₂, RuCl₂, RuBr₂, RuI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), osmium halide (for example, OsF₂, OsCl₂, OsBr₂, OsI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), cobalt halide (for example, CoF₂, CoCl₂, CoBr₂, CoI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), rhodium halide (for example, RhF₂, RhCl₂, RhBr₂, RhI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), iridium halide (for example, IrF₂, IrCl₂, IrBr₂, IrI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), nickel halide (for example, NiF₂, NiCl₂, NiBr₂, NiI₂, etc.), palladium halide (for example, PdF₂, PdCl₂, PdBr₂, PdI₂, etc.), platinum halide (for example, PtF₂, PtCl₂, PtBr₂, PtI₂, etc.), copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, etc.), silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, or the like, or a combination thereof), gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, or the like, or a combination thereof), or a combination thereof.

Examples of the post-transition metal halide are zinc halide (for example, ZnF₂, ZnCl₂, ZnBr₂, ZnI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), indium halide (for example, InI₃, etc.), tin halide (for example, SnI₂, or the like, or a combination thereof), or a combination thereof.

Examples of the lanthanide metal halide are YbF, YbF₂, YbF₃, SmF₃, YbCl, YbCl₂, YbCl₃ SmCl₃, YbBr, YbBr₂, YbBr₃ SmBr₃, YbI, YbI₂, YbI₃, SmI₃, or the like, or a combination thereof.

An example of the metalloid halide is antimony halide (for example, SbCl₅, or the like).

Examples of the metal telluride are alkali metal telluride (for example, Li₂Te, Na₂Te, K₂Te, Rb₂Te, Cs₂Te, or the like, or a combination thereof), alkaline earth metal telluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, or the like, or a combination thereof), transition metal telluride (for example, TiTe₂, ZrTe₂, HfTe₂, V₂Te₃, Nb₂Te₃, Ta₂Te₃, Cr₂Te₃, Mo₂Te₃, W₂Te₃, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu₂Te, CuTe, Ag₂Te, AgTe, Au₂Te, or the like, or a combination thereof), post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe, or the like), lanthanide metal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, or the like, or a combination thereof), or a combination thereof.

Emission Layer 136 of Interlayer 130

When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer 136 may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a subpixel region or area. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or are separated from each other to emit a white light. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

The emission layer 136 may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or a combination thereof.

The amount of the dopant in the emission layer 136 may be from about 0.01 part by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host.

In one or more embodiments, the emission layer 136 may include one or more quantum dots.

Meanwhile, the emission layer 136 may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in the emission layer 136.

A thickness of the emission layer 136 may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Host

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301 below:

[Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀₁]_(xb21)  Formula 301

-   -   wherein, in Formula 301,         -   Ar₃₀₁ and L₃₀₁ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀             carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least             one R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a),         -   xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,         -   xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,         -   R₃₀₁ may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a             hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino             group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone             group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic             acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a             salt thereof, a C₁-C₆ alkyl group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted             with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a             C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a), a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted             or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀             heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a),—Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),             —B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), —P(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),             or —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),         -   xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and         -   Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ are each as described herein with respect to             Q₁.

For example, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or greater, two or more of Ar₃₀₁ may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or a combination thereof:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,         -   ring A₃₀₁ to ring A₃₀₄ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀             carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least             one R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a),         -   X₃₀₁ may be O, S, N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄], C(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅), or             Si(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅),         -   xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,         -   L₃₀₁, xb1, and R₃₀₁ may each be as described herein,         -   L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ may each independently be as described herein             with respect to with L₃₀₁,         -   xb2 to xb4 may each independently be as described herein             with respect to xb1, and         -   R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₅ and R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ may each be as described             herein with respect to R₃₀₁.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkali earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or a combination thereof. For example, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or a combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include one of Compounds H1 to H124, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or a combination thereof:

Phosphorescent Dopant

In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.

The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or a combination thereof.

The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

For example, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 401 and 402,         -   M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir),             platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti),             gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb),             rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)),         -   L₄₀₁ may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may             be 1, 2, or 3, wherein when xc1 is two or more, two or more             of L₄₀₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other,         -   L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or             4, and when xc2 is 2 or more, two or more of L₄₀₂(s) may be             identical to or different from each other,         -   X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,         -   ring A₄₀₁ and ring A₄₀₂ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀             carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,         -   T₄₀₁ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′,             *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=C(Q₄₁₂)-*′,             *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *=C(Q₄₁₁)=*′,         -   X₄₀₃ and X₄₀₄ may each independently be a chemical bond (for             example, a covalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S,             N(Q₄₁₃), B(Q₄₁₃), P(Q₄₁₃), C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄), or Si(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄),         -   Q₄₁₁ to Q₄₁₄ may each be as described herein with respect to             Q₁,         -   R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium,             —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a             nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine             group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt             thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a             phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted             with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a             C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with             at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a             C₇-C₀ aryl alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at             least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a             C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with             at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a),             —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),             —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), —P(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), or             —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),         -   Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each be as described herein with respect to             Q₁,         -   xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to             10, and         -   * and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in             Formula 401.

For example, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may be nitrogen, and X₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) each of X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may be nitrogen.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 402 is 2 or greater, two of ring A₄₀₁ in two or more of L₄₀₁(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T₄₀₂, which is a linking group, or two of ring A₄₀₂ in two or more of L₄₀₁(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T₄₀₃, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T₄₀₂ and T₄₀₃ may each be the same as described herein with respect to T₄₀₁.

L₄₀₂ in Formula 401 may be an organic ligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may include a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), —C(═O), an isonitrile group, —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, or the like), or a combination thereof.

The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one of compounds PD1 to PD39, or a combination thereof:

Fluorescent Dopant

The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or a combination thereof.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

-   -   wherein, in Formula 501,         -   Ar₅₀₁, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃, R₅₀₁, and R₅₀₂ may each independently             be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted             with at least one R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a),         -   xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and         -   xd4 may be 1,2,3,4,5, or 6.

For example, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may include: one of Compounds FD1 to FD36; 4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (DPVBi); 4,4′-bis[4-(di-p-tolylamino)styryl]biphenyl (DPAVBi); or a combination thereof:

Delayed Fluorescence Material

The emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material.

In one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may be a compound capable of emitting delayed fluorescent light based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the type of other materials included in the emission layer.

In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be greater than or equal to 0 eV to less than or equal to about 0.5 eV. Without wishing to be bound to theory, when the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above-described range, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

For example, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, or a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group), and ii) a material including a C₈-C₆₀ polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing boron (B).

Examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one of the following compounds DF1 to DF9:

Quantum Dot

In one or more embodiments, the emission layer 136 may include one or more quantum dots.

The term “quantum dot” as used herein refers to a crystal (e.g., a nanocrystal) of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light of various emission wavelengths according to the average particle size (D50) of the crystal.

A diameter or average particle size (D50) of the quantum dot may be, for example, in a range of about 1 nanometer (nm) to about 10 nm.

The quantum dots may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.

The wet chemical process is a method including mixing a precursor material with an organic solvent and then growing a quantum dot particle crystal. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and controls the growth of the crystal so that the growth of quantum dot particles can be controlled through a process which costs lower, and is easier than vapor deposition methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).

The quantum dot may include a Group II-VI semiconductor compound, a Group III-V semiconductor compound, a Group III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV element or compound, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the Group II-VI semiconductor compound are a binary compound, such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, or the like, or a combination thereof; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, or the like, or a combination thereof; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, or the like, or a combination thereof; or a combination thereof.

Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, or the like, or a combination thereof; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, or the like, or a combination thereof; a quaternary compound, such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, InAlPSb, or the like, or a combination thereof; or a combination thereof. Meanwhile, the Group III-V semiconductor compound may further include a Group II element. Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound further including a Group II element are InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, or the like, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the Group III-VI semiconductor compound are: a binary compound, such as GaS, GaSe, Ga₂Se₃, GaTe, InS, InSe, In₂S₃, In₂Se₃, InTe, or the like, or a combination thereof; a ternary compound, such as InGaS₃, InGaSe₃, or the like, or a combination thereof; or a combination thereof.

Examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound are: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS₂, CuInS, CuInS₂, CuGaO₂, AgGaO₂, AgAlO₂, or the like, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound are: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, or the like, or a combination thereof; a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, or the like, or a combination thereof; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, or the like, or a combination thereof; or a combination thereof.

The Group IV element or compound may include: a single element compound, such as Si, Ge, or the like; a binary compound, such as SiC, SiGe, or the like, or a combination thereof; or a combination thereof.

Each element included in a multi-element compound such as the binary compound, the ternary compound, and the quaternary compound may be present at a uniform concentration or non-uniform concentration in a particle.

Meanwhile, the quantum dot may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dot is uniform, or a core-shell dual structure.

For example, the material included in the core and the material included in the shell may be different from each other.

The shell of the quantum dot may act as a protective layer that prevents chemical degeneration of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics, and/or as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. The interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of an element existing in the shell decreases toward the center of the core.

Examples of the shell of the quantum dot may be an oxide of metal, metalloid, or non-metal, a semiconductor compound, or a combination thereof. Examples of the oxide of metal, metalloid, or non-metal are a binary compound, such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZnO, MnO, Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄, CuO, FeO, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, CoO, Co₃O₄, NiO, or the like, or a combination thereof; a ternary compound, such as MgAl₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄, NiFe₂O₄, CoMn₂O₄, or the like, or a combination thereof; or a combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound include, as described herein, a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; or a combination thereof. For example, the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or the like, or a combination thereof.

A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nm or less, for example, about 30 nm or less, and within these ranges, color purity or color reproducibility may be increased. In addition, since the light emitted through the quantum dot is emitted in all directions, the wide viewing angle may be improved.

In addition, the quantum dot may be in the form of a spherical particle, a pyramidal particle, a multi-arm particle, a cubic nanoparticle, a nanotube particle, a nanowire particle, a nanofiber particle, a nanoplate particle, or a combination thereof.

Since the energy band gap may be adjusted by controlling the average particle size (D50) of the quantum dot, light having various wavelength bands may be obtained from the quantum dot emission layer. Accordingly, by using quantum dots of different average particle sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of various wavelengths may be implemented. In one or more embodiments, the average particle size (D50) of the quantum dot may be selected to emit a red light, a green light, and/or a blue light. In addition, the average particle size (D50) of the quantum dot may be configured to emit a white light by combination of light of various colors.

Electron Transport Region 135 in Interlayer 130

The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.

The electron-transporting region may include a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron-transporting layer, an electron injection layer, or a combination thereof.

For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole-blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, the constituting layers of each structure being sequentially stacked from an emission layer.

The electron transport layer may be an inorganic electron transport layer containing metal oxide as described herein.

The electron transport region may include an antioxidant as described herein.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group.

For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21)  Formula 601

-   -   wherein, in Formula 601,         -   Ar₆₀₁ and L₆₀₁ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀             carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least             one R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a),         -   xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,         -   xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,         -   R₆₀₁ may be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or             substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a), —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁),             —P(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂), or —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂), Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each             be the same as described herein with respect to Q₁,         -   xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,         -   at least one of Ar₆₀₁, L₆₀₁, and R₆₀₁ may each independently             be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic             group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one             R_(10a).

For example, when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar₆₀₁ may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In other embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.

In other embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

-   -   wherein, in Formula 601-1,         -   X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may             be N or C(R₆₁₆), and at least one of X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,         -   L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each be the same as described herein with             respect to L₆₀₁,         -   xe611 to xe613 may each be the same as described herein with             respect to xe1,         -   R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each be the same as described herein with             respect to R₆₀₁, and         -   R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium,             —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a             nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine             group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt             thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a             phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl             group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylthio group, a             C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with             at least one R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group             unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a).

For example, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

The electron transport region may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (Bphen), tris(8-hydroxy-quinolinato)aluminum (Alq₃), bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,O8)-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq), 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ), or a combination thereof:

A thickness of the electron transport region may be from about 100 Å to about 5,000 Å, for example, about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or a combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be from about 20 Å to about 1000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å, and the thickness of the electron transport layer may be from about 100 Å to about 1000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or a combination thereof. The metal ion of an alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, a Cs ion, or a combination thereof, and the metal ion of an alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, a Ba ion, or a combination thereof. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or a combination thereof.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.

The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof.

The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or a combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or a combination thereof.

The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or a combination thereof.

The alkali metal-containing compound may include alkali metal oxides, such as Li₂O, Cs₂O, K₂O, or the like, or a combination thereof; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, or the like, or a combination thereof; or a combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), Ba_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), or the like, or a combination thereof. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, TbI₃, or the like, or a combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal telluride are LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La₂Te₃, Ce₂Te₃, Pr₂Te₃, Nd₂Te₃, Pm₂Te₃, Sm₂Te₃, Eu₂Te₃, Gd₂Te₃, Tb₂Te₃, Dy₂Te₃, Ho₂Te₃, Er₂Te₃, Tm₂Te₃, Yb₂Te₃, Lu₂Te₃, or the like, or a combination thereof.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one of ions of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal and ii), as a ligand bonded to the metal ion, for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or a combination thereof.

The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof, as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).

In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may consist of: i) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide); or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or a combination thereof. For example, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, or the like.

When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, and, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 150

The second electrode 150 may be disposed on the interlayer 130 having a structure as described herein. The second electrode 150 may be an anode, which is an electron injection electrode. In this regard, as the material for the second electrode 150, a high work function material that facilitates hole injection may be used.

The second electrode 150 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the second electrode 150 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the second electrode may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), or a combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the second electrode 150 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the second electrode may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), or a combination thereof.

The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer, or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers. For example, the second electrode 150 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

Capping Layer

A first capping layer may be disposed outside the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer may be disposed outside the second electrode 150. In particular, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in the stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order.

Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110 which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer. Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150 which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 is increased, so that the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.6 or more (at 589 nm).

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine group-containing compounds, porphine derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, or a combination thereof. Optionally, the carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or a combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.

For example, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or a combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include one of Compounds HT28 to HT33, one of Compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, or a combination thereof:

Film

The condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in various films. Accordingly, another aspect provides a film including the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control means) (for example, a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, a quantum dot-containing layer, or like), a light-blocking member (for example, a light reflective layer, a light absorbing layer, or the like), a protective member (for example, an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, or the like).

Electronic Apparatus

The light-emitting device may be included in various electronic apparatuses. For example, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, or the like.

The electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be disposed in at least one direction in which light emitted from the light-emitting device travels. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light or white light. For details on the light-emitting device, related description provided above may be referred to. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be, for example, a quantum dot as described herein.

The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas.

A pixel-defining film may be disposed among the subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.

The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns disposed among the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns disposed among the color conversion areas.

The plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, the plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. In particular, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include a quantum dot. For details on the quantum dots, related descriptions as provided herein may be referred to. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each include a scatter.

For example, the light-emitting device may emit first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In particular, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.

The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, or the like.

The activation layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, or the like, or a combination thereof.

The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be disposed between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and simultaneously prevents ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one layer of an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.

Various functional layers may be additionally disposed on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the use of the electronic apparatus. Examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or the like, or a combination thereof. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, an infrared touch screen layer, or the like, or a combination thereof. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, or the like, or a combination thereof).

The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, a biometric information collector.

The electronic apparatus may be applied to various displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, or the like, or a combination thereof.

Description of FIGS. 2 and 3

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments.

The light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 2 includes a substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and an encapsulation portion 300 that seals the light-emitting device.

The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be disposed on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

A TFT may be disposed on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an activation layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

The activation layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the activation layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be disposed on the activation layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be disposed on the gate insulating film 230.

An interlayer insulating film 250 may be disposed on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be disposed between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270, to insulate from one another.

The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be disposed on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be disposed in contact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220.

The TFT is electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and is covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or a combination thereof. A light-emitting device is provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

The first electrode 110 may be disposed on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may be disposed to expose a portion of the drain electrode 270, not fully covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be disposed to be connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

A pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be disposed on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a certain region of the first electrode 110, and an interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide or poly(acrylate) organic film. Although not shown in FIG. 2 , at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer 290 to be disposed in the form of a common layer.

The second electrode 150 may be disposed on the interlayer 130, and a capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

The encapsulation portion 300 may be disposed on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be disposed on a light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and/or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including a silicon nitride (SiN_(x)), a silicon oxide (SiO_(x)), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or a combination thereof; an organic film including poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), a polycarbonate, a polyimide, a poly(ethylene sulfonate), a poly(oxymethylene), a poly(arylate), hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, or the like), an epoxy-containing resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), or the like), or a combination thereof; or a combination of the inorganic films and the organic films.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

The light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 3 may be the same as the light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 2 , except that a light-shielding pattern 500 and a functional region 400 are additionally disposed on the encapsulation portion 300. The functional region 400 may be i) a color filter area, ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of the color filter area and the color conversion area. In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device included in the light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 3 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Manufacturing Method

The layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and/or the layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by using various methods, such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI), or the like, or a combination thereof.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and/or layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 angstroms per second (Å/sec) to about 100 Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The term “C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group consisting of carbon atoms only as ring-forming atoms and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, and Se as a ring-forming atom. The C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group wherein two or more rings are condensed with each other.

The “cyclic group” as used herein may include the C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group.

The term “π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and does not include *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group” as used herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and includes *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety.

For example,

-   -   the C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be i) group T1 or ii) a         condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are         condensed with each other (for example, a cyclopentadiene group,         an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a         pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an         indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a         phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a         triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene         group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene         group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a         rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene         group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a         benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an         indenoanthracene group),     -   the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group may be i) group T2, ii) a         condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T2 are         condensed with each other, or iii) a condensed cyclic group in         which at least one group T2 and at least one group T1 are         condensed with each other (for example, a pyrrole group, a         thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole         group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a         benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole         group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole         group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a         dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole         group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group,         a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a         benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a         benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a         benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group,         a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an         imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an         isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an         isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a         benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole         group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a         pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a         pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an         isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline         group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a         quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline         group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine         group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an         imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an         imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene         group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group,         an azadibenzofuran group, or the like),     -   the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group may be i) group T1, ii)         a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are         condensed with each other, iii) group T3, iv) a condensed cyclic         group in which two or more groups T3 are condensed with each         other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one         group T3 and at least one group T1 are condensed with each other         (for example, the C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group,         a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole         group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a         benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a         benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole         group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole         group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a         dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole         group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group,         a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a         benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a         benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a         benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group,         a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, or the like),     -   the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group         may be i) group T4, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or         more groups T4 are condensed with each other, iii) a condensed         cyclic group in which at least one group T4 and at least one         group T1 are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed cyclic         group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T3         are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in         which at least one group T4, at least one group T1, and at least         one group T3 are condensed with one another (for example, a         pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole         group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole         group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a         benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group,         a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a         benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a         pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a         quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group,         a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a         benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline         group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine         group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an         imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an         imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an         azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole         group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group,         or the like),     -   group T1 may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a         cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a         cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a         cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene         group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane         (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a         bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a         bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group,     -   group T2 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole         group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a         3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a         triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an         isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an         isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an         azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a         pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a         tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a         dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine         group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a         tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a         piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine         group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine         group,     -   group T3 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole         group, a silole group, or a borole group, and     -   group T4 may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an         imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole         group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole         group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole         group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group,         a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a         triazine group, or a tetrazine group.

The terms “the cyclic group, the C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, or the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group” as used herein refer to a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, or the like) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is used. For example, the “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, or the like, which may be easily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”

Non-limiting examples of the monovalent C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and the monovalent C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group include a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Examples of the divalent C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and the monovalent C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group are a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and specific non-limiting examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof are an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —SA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group).

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, and Se as ring-forming atoms, and specific non-limiting examples include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group.

The term C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and specific non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, and Se as ring-forming atoms, and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, and Se as ring-forming atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆ heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indeno anthracenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms as ring forming atoms, at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, and Se as a ring-forming atom(s), and having no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure.

Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.

The term “C₆-C₆ aryloxy group” as used herein indicates —OA₁₀₂ (wherein A₁₀₂ is a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group” as used herein indicates —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The term “C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group” used herein refers to -A₁₀₄A₁₀₅ (where A₁₀₄ may be a C₁-C₅₄ alkylene group, and A₁₀₅ may be a C₆-C₅₉ aryl group), and the term C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group” used herein refers to -A₁₀₆A₁₀₇ (where A₁₀₆ may be a C₁-C₅₉ alkylene group, and A₁₀₇ may be a C₁-C₅₉ heteroaryl group).

The term “R_(10a)” as used herein refers to:

-   -   deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a         hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof,     -   a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl         group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro         group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a         hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a         sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group         or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀         heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio         group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),         —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or a         combination thereof,     -   a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a         C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl         alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀         heteroaryloxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, each         unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro         group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a         hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a         sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group         or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,         a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀         alkylthio group, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀         heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₇-C₆ aryl alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio         group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),         —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or a         combination thereof; or     -   —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and     -   Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ as used herein         may each independently be:     -   hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —CI; —Br; —I; —SF₅; a hydroxyl group; a         cyano group; a nitro group; an amino group; an amidino group; a         hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid group or a         salt thereof; a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof; a         phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group; a         C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy         group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group; a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group; a         C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group; a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀         heteroaryl alkyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group; or a         C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group; each unsubstituted or substituted         with at least one of deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀         alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a combination thereof; a         C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group; or a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group.

The term “heteroatom” as used herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Examples of the heteroatom are O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or a combination thereof.

The term “third-row transition metal” used herein includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), or the like, or a combination thereof.

“Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, “Me” as used herein refers to a methyl group, “Et” as used herein refers to an ethyl group, “tert-Bu” or “Bu^(t)” as used herein refers to a tert-butyl group, and “OMe” as used herein refers to a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with at least one phenyl group.” In other words, the “biphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as a substituent.

The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. In other words, the “terphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.

-   -   * and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to         a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula         or moiety.

Hereinafter, one or more exemplary embodiments of an acid generator and light-emitting device will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1

As a cathode, a glass substrate with an ITO electrode deposited thereon was cut to a size of 50 millimeters (mm)×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and deionized (DI) water, each for 15 minutes, and then cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 30 minutes. Then, the ITO-patterned glass substrate was provided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

An electron transport layer containing ZnMgO and having a thickness of 480 Å was formed on the ITO electrode, and an emission layer containing InP/ZnSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) in a weight ratio of 99:1 and having a thickness of 200 Å was formed.

A hole transport layer containing HT3 and having a thickness of 400 Å and a hole injection layer containing NPB and having a thickness of 1700 Å were sequentially formed on the emission layer by using an inkjet printing method.

Then, Ag was deposited on the hole injection layer to form an anode having a thickness of 1000 Å, and an acrylic organic material was vacuum-deposited on the anode to form a capping layer having a thickness of 550 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.

Example 2

A light-emitting device was manufactured in a similar manner as in Example 1, except that ZnMgO and compound PAG8 were included in a weight ratio of 99:1 instead of ZnMgO when the electron transport layer was formed.

Example 3

A light-emitting device was manufactured in a similar manner as in Example 1, except that ZnMgO and compound TAG1 were included in a weight ratio of 99:1 instead of ZnMgO when the electron transport layer was formed.

Comparative Example 1

A light-emitting device was manufactured in a similar manner as in Example 1, except that InP/ZnSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots were used instead of InP/ZnSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) when forming the emission layer.

Evaluation Example 1

The power efficiency (candela per ampere, cd/A), color coordinates (CIE_x, CIE_y), luminance (cd/m²), quantum efficiency (%), driving voltage (V) at a current density of 10 milliamperes per square centimeter (mA/cm²), and lifespan (To, hours (hrs)) of the light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 were measured by using a current-voltmeter (Keithley SMU 236), a luminance meter PR650, and an external quantum efficiency measuring device C9920-2-12 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics Inc. Results thereof are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 1 Emission layer InP/ZnSe/ InP/ZnSe/ InP/ZnSe/ InP/ZnSe/ ZnS + BHT ZnS + BHT ZnS + BHT ZnS + BHT Electron ZnMgO ZnMgO + ZnMgO + ZnMgO transport layer PAG8 TAG1 Power 4.2 7.6 7.1 4.0 efficiency (cd/A) CIE_x 0.679 0.680 0.680 0.681 CIE_y 0.320 0.319 0.319 0.318 Luminance 520 520 520 520 (cd/m²) QE (%) 4.0 7.6 7.0 3.9 Driving voltage 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.9 (V) T₅₀ (hrs) 48 70 70 17

As shown in Table 1, the light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 3 have higher power efficiency (cd/A), lower driving voltage (V), higher quantum efficiency (%) and longer lifespan (T₅₀), than the light-emitting device of Comparative Example 1.

As provided herein, a light-emitting device containing an antioxidant in an electron transport region may inhibit oxidation of the light-emitting device. Accordingly, the light-emitting device can be used to manufacture a high-quality electronic apparatus having excellent luminescence efficiency and a long lifespan.

It should be understood that exemplary embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each exemplary embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other exemplary embodiments. While one or more exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A light-emitting device, comprising: a substrate; a first electrode disposed on the substrate; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an interlayer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the interlayer comprises an emission layer; and an antioxidant, and wherein the first electrode is a cathode, and the second electrode is an anode.
 2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, further comprising: an electron transport region disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer; and a hole transport region disposed between the second electrode and the emission layer.
 3. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein the electron transport region comprises an inorganic electron transport layer, and the inorganic electron transport layer comprises a metal oxide.
 4. The light-emitting device of claim 3, wherein the metal oxide comprises a compound represented by Formula 3: M_(x)O_(y)  Formula 3 wherein, in Formula 3, M is at least one metal or metalloid from one of Groups 1 to 14 of the IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements, and x and y are each independently an integer from 1 to
 5. 5. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein the light-emitting device satisfies at least one of the following conditions: i) the emission layer comprises an antioxidant; or ii) the light-emitting device further comprises an antioxidant layer that is different from the emission layer, wherein the antioxidant layer comprises an antioxidant.
 6. The light-emitting device of claim 5, wherein when the light-emitting device further comprises the antioxidant layer, the antioxidant layer is disposed between the hole transport region and the emission layer; disposed between the emission layer and the electron transport region; disposed between the electron transport region and the first electrode; disposed on the first electrode; or a combination thereof.
 7. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the antioxidant comprises a phenol-containing compound, an amine-containing compound, or a combination thereof.
 8. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the antioxidant comprises a phenol-containing compound represented by Formula 1, an amine-containing compound represented by Formula 2, or a combination thereof.

wherein, in Formulae 1 and 2, R₁₁ to R₁₅ and R₂₁ to R₂₃ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), or —C(═O)(Q₁), R_(10a) is: deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or a combination thereof; a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, or a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or a combination thereof; or —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and two or more groups from R₂₁ to R₂₃ are optionally linked together via a single bond, a C₁-C₅ alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), or a C₂-C₅ alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), to form a C₈-C₆₀ polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), and Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; —SF₅; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amino group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof; a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group; a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group; a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group; a C₇-C₆₀ aryl alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl alkyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group; or a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group; each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylthio group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a combination thereof.
 9. The light-emitting device of claim 8, wherein the phenol-containing compound comprises at least one compound represented by one of Formulae 1-1 to 1-8:

wherein, in Formulae 1-1 to 1-8, R₁₁ to R₁₅ are as described in claim 8, provided that R₁₁ to R₁₅ are each not a hydroxyl group.
 10. The light-emitting device of claim 7, wherein the amine-containing compound comprises at least one compound represented by one of Formulae 2-1 to 2-4:

wherein, in Formulae 2-1 to 2-4, Z₂₁ to Z₂₃ are each independently: hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof; a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a combination thereof; a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, or an imidazopyrimidinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF₅, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylthio group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or a combination thereof; or —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and a24 is an integer from 0 to 4, a25 is an integer from 0 to 5, a27 is an integer from 0 to 7, and a28 is an integer from 0 to
 8. 11. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein at least one of the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the electron transport region further comprises an acid generator.
 12. The light-emitting device of claim 11, wherein the light-emitting device satisfies at least one of condition iii) or condition iv): iii) the inorganic electron transport layer comprises an acid generator; or iv) the light-emitting device further comprises an acid generating layer in direct contact with the inorganic electron transport layer, wherein the acid generating layer comprises an acid generator.
 13. The light-emitting device of claim 11, wherein the acid generator comprises a photoacid generator, a thermal acid generator, or a combination thereof.
 14. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emission layer comprises one or more quantum dots.
 15. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device, the method comprising: forming a first electrode on a substrate; forming an electron transport region on the first electrode; forming an emission layer on the first electrode; and forming a second electrode on the emission layer, wherein the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode is an anode, and wherein the light-emitting device further comprises an antioxidant.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: forming a layer by inkjet printing or vacuum deposition, wherein the layer comprises an acid generator, and wherein the layer is derived from a composition comprising the acid generator.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: forming an acid generating layer on the first electrode; forming an acid generating layer between the emission layer and the electron transport region; forming an acid generating layer between the emission layer and the second electrode; forming an acid generating layer on the second electrode; or a combination thereof, wherein the acid generating layer comprises an acid generator.
 18. An electronic apparatus, comprising the light-emitting device of claim
 1. 19. The electronic apparatus of claim 18, wherein The electronic apparatus further comprises a first substrate, wherein the first substrate comprises a plurality of sub-pixel regions, and wherein a pixel defining layer is disposed between the plurality of sub-pixel regions.
 20. The electronic apparatus of claim 18, further comprising: a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or a combination thereof. 